Recommended articles on Autoimmunity

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Involvement of the secosteroid vitamin D in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and COVID-19.
  • Abstract: Vitamin D is a prototypical secosteroid rather than a vitamin and should be regarded like all steroidal hormones, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones. The vitamin D endocrine system is complex and synthesis of the final active metabolite 1,25(OH)₂D₃ involves endocrine, intracrine and paracrine modalities. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are modulated by calcitriol and serum deficiency of this secosteroid is considered a risk factor for several ARDs, including RA, SLE and SSc. Circannual rhythms of vitamin D concentrations seem to correlate negatively with both the onset and the severity of ARDs. In the setting of vitamin D deficiency, supplementation with 25(OH)D₃ seems an efficient approach to better manage ARDs at the onset of symptoms and also to reduce the severity of the disease progression. Vitamin D also seems to have a crucial role in the prevention of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, as well as in reducing the intensity of the innate immune system response, as shown by an increasing number of RCTs.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-023-00944-2

• Title: Diet-related inflammation increases the odds of multiple sclerosis: Results from a large population-based prevalent case-control study in Jordan.
  • Abstract: The findings of this study, obtained in MS patients with varied illness duration over the previous 3 years, are consistent with an association between the overall inflammatory potential of diet and MS odds. Our findings among MS participants showed a significantly more pro-inflammatory DII scores than age- and sex-matched controls. Our results also suggest that MS group had a diet rich in pro-inflammatory foods and nutrients.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1098883

• Title: Effectiveness of exercise interventions in animal models of multiple sclerosis.
  • Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with an impaired immune system that severely affects the spinal cord and brain, and which is marked by progressive inflammatory demyelination. Patients with MS may benefit from exercise training as a suggested course of treatment. The most commonly used animal models of studies on MS are experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. The present review intends to concisely discuss the interventions using EAE models to understand the effectiveness of exercise as treatment for MS patients and thereby provide clear perspective for future research and MS management.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1143766

• Title: Proteomics: Potential techniques for discovering the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases-interstitial lung disease.
  • Abstract: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most serious lung complications of connective tissue disease (CTD). The application of proteomics in the past decade has revealed that various proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of each subtype of CTD-ILD through different pathways, providing novel ideas to study pathological mechanisms and clinical biomarkers. On this basis, a multidimensional diagnosis or prediction model is established. This paper reviews the results of proteomic detection of different subtypes of CTD-ILD and discusses the role of some differentially expressed proteins in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and their potential clinical applications.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146904

• Title: Pyroptosis-triggered pathogenesis: New insights on antiphospholipid syndrome.
  • Abstract: APS (antiphospholipid syndrome) is a systematic autoimmune disease presenting with the high levels of aPLs (antiphospholipid antibodies). These autoantibodies are involved in various clinical manifestations, mainly including arterial or venous thrombosis formation, proinflammatory response, and recurrent pregnant loss. Pyroptosis is a form of lytic programmed cell death, and it aggravates autoimmune diseases progression via activating NOD-like receptors, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream inflammatory factors IL (interleukin)-1β and IL-18. However, the underlying mechanisms of pyroptosis-induced APS progression remain to be elucidated.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155222

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Thyroid function and associated mood changes after COVID-19 vaccines in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis.
  • Abstract: COVID-19 vaccination seemed to induce increased levels and incidence of TSH surge followed by mood changes in patients with HT. Higher levels of pre-vaccine serum TSH, CRP, and anti-TPO values were associated with higher incidence in the early post-vaccine phase.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129746

• Title: Clinical and serological association of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in lupus and the short-term effects of oral vitamin D supplementation.
  • Abstract: Data on the association of vitamin D levels and clinical phenotype and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is controversial. Further, the optimal dose of oral vitamin D supplementation in SLE is not clear. Thus, the present study was designed to determine the association of plasma vitamin D levels with clinical phenotype, disease variables and serology in a large, cohort of SLE from South Asia and to evaluate the short-term effect of two different dosage regimens of oral vitamin D supplementation on disease flares and plasma vitamin D levels.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-022-02976-7

• Title: Citrulline immunity in RA: CD8⁺ T cells enter the scene.
  • Abstract: The involvement of citrulline-specific CD4⁺ T cells in anti-citrulline protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well described, whereas less attention has been given to CD8⁺ T cells. New data suggest that CD8⁺ T cells also contribute to citrulline-specific immune responses in RA.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-023-00945-1

• Title: Biological therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and Sjögren’s syndrome: evidence- and practice-based guidance.
  • Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) are heterogeneous autoimmune diseases. Severe manifestations and refractory/intolerance to conventional immunosuppressants demand other options, namely biological drugs, and small molecules. We aimed to define evidence and practice-based guidance for the off-label use of biologics in SLE, APS, and SS. Recommendations were made by an independent expert panel, following a comprehensive literature review and two consensus rounds. The panel included 17 internal medicine experts with recognized practice in autoimmune disease management.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117699

• Title: Compounded sulfamethoxazole improved the prognosis of dermatomyositis patients positive with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5.
  • Abstract: Mortality of dermatomyositis patients positive with anti-melanoma differentiation-related gene 5 antibody (anti-MDA5-DM) is alarming, especially during the first several months. Infection is an important cause of early death. As there are no reports regarding the effect of prophylactic use of compounded sulfamethoxazole (coSMZ; each tablet contains 400 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 80 mg of trimethoprim) in anti-MDA5-DM patients, we conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy of coSMZ in reducing the incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kead034

• Title: Targeting immune checkpoints in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated vasculitis: the potential therapeutic targets in the future.
  • Abstract: In this review, we summarized the features of AAV induced by immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with malignant tumors, and then reviewed the biological characteristics of different ICs. Our aim was to explore potential targets in ICs for future treatment of Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156212

• Title: mRNA melanoma vaccine revolution spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Abstract: This mini-review will highlight key developmental milestones and lessons we have learned from mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific emphasis on clinical trial data gathered so far for mRNA vaccines against melanoma and other forms of cancer.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155728

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms.
  • Abstract: The Long COVID/Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) group includes patients with initial mild-to-moderate symptoms during the acute phase of the illness, in whom recovery is prolonged, or new symptoms are developed over months. Here, we propose a description of the pathophysiology of the Long COVID presentation based on inflammatory cytokine cascades and the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways that regulate cytokine production.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1011936

• Title: “Long COVID-19” and viral “fibromyalgia-ness”: Suggesting a mechanistic role for fascial myofibroblasts.
  • Abstract: In this hypothesis and theory paper the theoretical model of Fascial Armoring is presented to help explain the pathogenesis and manifestations of “long COVID-19” as a disease of immuno-rheumo-psycho-neurology. The model is also used to make testable experimental predictions on investigations and predict risk and relieving factors.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.952278

• Title: The immunomodulatory mechanisms for acupuncture practice.
  • Abstract: In this study, we reviewed the immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture and systematically integrates existing research to respectively elucidate the modulatory mechanisms of acupuncture on the innate immune system, adaptive immune system, and well-known neuroanatomical mechanisms, including intact somatosensory-autonomic reflex pathway. With the advances made in recent systems physiology studies, we now have a great opportunity to gain insight into how acupuncture modulates immunity, and subsequently improves its efficacy.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147718

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Cardiac and vascular complications in lupus: Is there a role for sex?
  • Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common systemic autoimmune disorder and is characterized by autoantibody formation and subsequent immune complex deposition into target organs. SLE affects nearly nine women to every one man worldwide. Patients with SLE are at an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide and includes heart and blood vessel disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and rheumatic heart disease. Specific mechanisms by which cardiac and vascular pathophysiology develops in patients with SLE are still not fully known. Not only do we not understand this correlation between SLE and CVD, but there is also a critical gap in scientific knowledge on the contribution of sex. In this review, we will discuss the cardiac and vascular pathological disease states that are present in some patients with SLE. More importantly, we will discuss the potential mechanisms for the role of sex and sex hormones in the development of CVD with SLE.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098383

• Title: Exosome and virus infection.
  • Abstract: Exosomes are messengers of intercellular communication in monolayer vesicles derived from cells. It affects the pathophysiological process of the body in various diseases, such as tumors, inflammation, and infection. It has been confirmed that exosomes are similar to viruses in biogenesis, and exosome cargo is widely involved in many viruses’ replication, transmission, and infection. Simultaneously, virus-associated exosomes can promote immune escape and activate the antiviral immune response of the body, which bidirectionally modulates the immune response. This review focuses on the role of exosomes in HIV, HBV, HCV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and explores the prospects of exosome development. These insights may be translated into therapeutic measures for viral infections and reduce the disease burden.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154217

• Title: Emerging insights into the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • Abstract: Ferroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death mediated by iron-dependent lipid oxidation, was discovered a decade ago. Significant progress has been made in our knowledge of ferroptosis and immune dysfunction. This review covers recent advancements in the interaction of ferroptosis and the immune system, with an emphasis on autoimmune diseases. The critical regulators of ferroptosis are summarized in the context of reactive oxygen species biology, lipid metabolism, and iron homeostasis. The molecular crosstalk between ferroptosis and different immune cells is also highlighted. Future research is expected to yield new insights into the mechanisms governing ferroptosis and its potential therapeutic benefits in autoimmune diseases.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120519

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Characterisation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine signature in severe COVID-19.
  • Abstract: Clinical outcomes from infection with SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, are remarkably variable ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia and death. One of the key drivers of this variability is differing trajectories in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Many studies have noted markedly elevated cytokine levels in severe COVID-19, although results vary by cohort, cytokine studied and sensitivity of assay used. We assessed the immune response in acute COVID-19.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170012

• Title: Antibody diversity in IVIG: Therapeutic opportunities for novel immunotherapeutic drugs.
  • Abstract: Significant progress has been made in the elucidation of human antibody repertoires. Furthermore, non-canonical functions of antibodies have been identified that reach beyond classical functions linked to protection from pathogens. Polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations such as IVIG and SCIG represent the IgG repertoire of the donor population and will likely remain the cornerstone of antibody replacement therapy in immunodeficiencies. However, novel evidence suggests that pooled IgA might promote orthobiotic microbial colonization in gut dysbiosis linked to mucosal IgA immunodeficiency. Plasma-derived polyclonal IgG and IgA exhibit immunoregulatory effects by a diversity of different mechanisms, which have inspired the development of novel drugs. Here we highlight recent insights into IgG and IgA repertoires and discuss potential implications for polyclonal immunoglobulin therapy and inspired drugs.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166821

• Title: Biomarkers in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.
  • Abstract: This review mainly summarizes the potential biomarkers indicated in autoimmune disorders of the of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111719

• Title: Alterations in the gut virome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
  • Abstract: This work provides novel insight into the Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) gut virome, and the findings may guide future mechanistic and therapeutic studies for other autoimmune diseases.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154380

• Title: Adjunctive therapeutic effects of micronutrient supplementation in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that micronutrient status may have some impact on the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, micronutrient deficiencies are easily overlooked during the treatment of IBD patients. There have been many studies on micronutrient supplementation, in which several clinical trials have been conducted targeting vitamin D and iron, but the current research is still preliminary for other vitamins and minerals. This review provides an overview of the adjunctive therapeutic effects of micronutrient supplementation in IBD, to summarize the available evidence, draw the attention of clinicians to micronutrient monitoring and supplementation in patients with IBD, and also provide some perspectives for future research directions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143123

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Anti-CD20 therapies in multiple sclerosis: From pathology to the clinic.
  • Abstract: The immune system plays a significant role in multiple sclerosis. While MS was historically thought to be T cell-mediated, multiple pieces of evidence now support the view that B cells are essential players in multiple sclerosis pathogenic processes. High-efficacy disease-modifying therapies that target the immune system have emerged over the past two decades. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies selectively deplete CD20+ B and CD20+ T cells and efficiently suppress inflammatory disease activity. These monotherapies prevent relapses, reduce new or active magnetic resonance imaging brain lesions, and lessen disability progression in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab are currently used in clinical practice, while phase III clinical trials for ublituximab have been recently completed. In this review, we compare the four anti-CD20 antibodies in terms of their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, immunological targets, and pharmacokinetic properties. A deeper understanding of the individual properties of these molecules in relation to their efficacy and safety profiles is critical for their use in clinical practice.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1004795

• Title: Immunomodulation resulting of helminth infection could be an opportunity for immunization against tuberculosis and mucosal pathogens.
  • Abstract: In high endemic areas of helminth and TB infections, most individuals are chronically infected by one or both types of pathogens early in life. In chronic helminth infection, the modulation of Th2 and Tregs immune responses by those parasites could downregulate the Th1 and Th17 immune responses against Mtb infection and leads to the progression of LTBI to ATB and more serious forms of active TB associated to therapeutic failure. The helminth immune modulation could also cause indeterminate results in LTBI diagnostic tests and poor immunogenicity of BCG vaccination. From clinical and epidemiological perspectives, it is necessary to consider that the immunomodulation in co-infected patients could be reversed through anti-helminthic treatments, suggesting with an additional argument that deworming programs are necessary in the countries with high burden of helminth and TB infections. Looking ahead, the immune environment of high TGF-β level associated to helminth infections suggests the promissory use of TB mucosal immunization as an alternative, or complement, to “classical” Th1 inducing vaccines in co-infection settings..
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091352

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on the prognosis of patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and neurological complications.
  • Abstract: SFTS (severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome) patients with neurological symptoms in our study had a higher mortality rate compared with other studies. Thus, it is necessary to improve the treatment approach for SFTS patients with neurological symptoms. IVIG therapy is a valuable technique that has a favorable impact on the treatment of SFTS with neurological complications. According to our study, a higher dosage through the prolonged application of IVIG treatment offers a good prognosis for patients suffering from SFTS with neurological symptoms. Therefore, we believe it is preferable to increase the overall dosage by extending the duration of IVIG treatment. Further clinical and immunological studies should be performed to enhance our understanding of how IVIG therapy works in SFTS patients with neurological symptoms.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118039

• Title: Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 randomized controlled trials.
  • Abstract: Although the number of RCTs on dietary polyphenols is limited, existing evidence shows their potential benefits, mainly increasing DAS28, reducing CRP and ESR, and improving oxidative stress, etc. However, given the small number of patients recruited, the study designs varied widely between RCTs and the characteristics of RA patients varied; it is difficult to immediately extrapolate these results to RA patients in general. More RCTs are needed in the future to determine the efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1024120

• Title: Serum leptin concentration is associated with the attainment of clinical outcomes in patients with axial spondyloarthritis treated with TNF inhibitors.
  • Abstract: The present study showed that low leptin concentrations were associated with attaining clinical outcomes in axSpA patients treated with TNFi. In addition, since leptin secretion by white adipocytes is enhanced during obesity and considering that TNFi do not seem to modulate its expression, obese patients should be encouraged to decrease BMI to attain a successful therapy.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/ou570o

• Title: Tocilizumab-coated solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with cannabidiol as a novel drug delivery strategy for treating COVID-19: A review.
  • Abstract: Commonly used clinical strategies against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), including the potential role of monoclonal antibodies for site-specific targeted drug delivery, are discussed here. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) tailored with tocilizumab (TCZ) and loading cannabidiol (CBD) are proposed for the treatment of COVID-19 by oral route. TCZ, as a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody and an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor agonist, can attenuate cytokine storm in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. CBD (an anti-inflammatory cannabinoid and TCZ agonist) alleviates anxiety, schizophrenia, and depression. CBD, obtained from Cannabis sativa L., is known to modulate gene expression and inflammation and also shows anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been recognized to modulate angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) expression in SARS-CoV-2 target tissues. It has already been proven that immunosuppressive drugs targeting the IL-6 receptor may ameliorate lethal inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients. TCZ, as an immunosuppressive drug, is mainly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, although several attempts have been made to use it in the active hyperinflammatory phase of COVID-19, with promising outcomes. TCZ is currently administered intravenously. It this review, we discuss the potential advances on the use of SLN for oral administration of TCZ-tailored CBD-loaded SLN, as an innovative platform for managing SARS-CoV-2 and related infections.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147991

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Anti-SSA/Ro positivity and congenital heart block: obstetric and foetal outcome in a cohort of anti-SSA/Ro positive pregnant patients with and without autoimmune diseases.
  • Abstract: Neonatal lupus (NL) is an acquired disease caused by the transplacental passage of anti-SSA/Ro antibodies. The rate of congenital heart block (CHB), its most serious manifestation, ranges from 1 to 5%. The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the prevalence of CHB in anti-SSA/Ro positive pregnant women with or without systemic autoimmune diseases from 2010 to 2020.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/2ju0yv

• Title: Diagnosis of COVID-19 associated arthritis in patients with or without underlying rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease supported by musculoskeletal ultrasound: a case series from three European centres.
  • Abstract: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic concerns the field of rheumatology in many ways. Arthritis in conjunction with COVID-19 is increasingly reported. However, clinical data are still limited and there is lack of a detailed characterisation of COVID-19 associated arthritis by musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS). This case series reports different forms of COVID-19 associated arthritis supported by MSUS in patients with or without underlying rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease (RMD).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/an1yrh

• Title: Evaluation of a gene signature related to thrombotic manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome.
  • Abstract: Thrombotic primary antiphospholipid syndrome (t-PAPS) is an acquired condition characterized by heterogeneous thrombotic manifestations, which is intriguing since venous and arterial thrombosis appear to have distinct pathogenesis. Gene expression analysis may constitute a new approach to evaluate potential similarities or differences between the clinical manifestations of t-PAPS. Our results suggest that innate immunity and hemostasis pathways are associated with t-PAPS at a molecular level and may play a role in disease severity.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1139906

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: New onset and flare of rheumatic diseases following COVID-19 vaccination are mild and respond well to treatment: 9-month follow-up data from a single centre cohort.
  • Abstract: Anti-COVID-19 vaccines have proved to be effective and well tolerated. Great attention is now being paid to the characterisation of possible adverse events associated to their administration. We report a case series of suspected rheumatic diseases (RDs) following anti-COVID-19 vaccination.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/vx44zn

• Title: Reactogenicity, safety and disease flares following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with chronic immune-inflammatory arthritis treated with biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.
  • Abstract: The safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in arthritis patients on treatment with b/tsDMARDs is reassuring. In a regimen of peri-vaccine drug interruption, transient flares of the disease more commonly occur in association with active arthritis and use of shorter half-life drugs. Most flares do not require treatment escalation or change.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/0ltj1i

• Title: The kinetics of chemokine autoantibodies in COVID-19.
  • Abstract: Several panels of naturally arising antibodies against specific chemokines are closely correlated with various favorable COVID-19 outcomes, raising an opportunity to target the chemokine system for long COVID treatment.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01455-8

• Title: Switching from intravenous tocilizumab to subcutaneous administration during COVID-19 pandemic: impact on treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction.
  • Abstract: We aimed to assess the efficacy and patient satisfaction of subcutaneous tocilizumab (SC TCZ) in patients previously treated with intravenous tocilizumab (IV TCZ) during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of the patients who switched from IV TCZ to SC TCZ showed signs of flare of their underlying disease or were less satisfied with SC treatment.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/lxfy2v

• Title: Do Disease-Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs and Exercise Therapy Have a Combined Effect on Disease Activity in Patients with RA? A Scoping Review.
  • Abstract: In addition to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment, exercise is increasingly promoted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although both are known to reduce disease activity, few studies have investigated the combined effects of these interventions on disease activity. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the reported evidence on whether a combined effect—i.e., a greater reduction in disease activity outcome measures—can be detected in studies where an exercise intervention was performed in addition to the DMARD treatment in patients with RA.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-023-01098-6

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system.
  • Abstract: The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the separation and detection of EVs. The recent recognition that EVs have the potential to function as biomarkers or as therapeutic tools has attracted even greater attention to their study. With this progress in mind, an updated comprehensive overview of the roles of EVs in the immune system is timely. This Review summarizes the roles of EVs in basic processes of innate and adaptive immunity, including inflammation, antigen presentation, and the development and activation of B cells and T cells. It also highlights key progress related to deciphering the roles of EVs in antimicrobial defence and in allergic, autoimmune and antitumour immune responses. It ends with a focus on the relevance of EVs to immunotherapy and vaccination, drawing attention to ongoing or recently completed clinical trials that aim to harness the therapeutic potential of EVs.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00763-8

• Title: Silicone breast implants and Lupus.
  • Abstract: Adjuvants such as silicone implants may trigger emergence of SLE and APS being known to induce autoimmune phenomena as adverse events. Therefore, physicians should be aware of such findings and avoid non-pivotal exposure to silicone especially in those with high risk for autoimmunity in order to prevent the development of autoimmune disease.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/09612033221141279

• Title: Increased polyamines alter chromatin and stabilize autoantigens in autoimmune diseases.
  • Abstract: Polyamines are small cations with unique combinations of charge and length that give them many putative interactions in cells. Polyamines are essential since they are involved in replication, transcription, translation, and stabilization of macro-molecular complexes. However, polyamine synthesis competes with cellular methylation for S-adenosylmethionine, the methyl donor. Also, polyamine degradation can generate reactive molecules like acrolein. Therefore, polyamine levels are tightly controlled. This control may be compromised in autoimmune diseases since elevated polyamine levels are seen in autoimmune diseases. Here a hypothesis is presented explaining how polyamines can stabilize autoantigens. In addition, the hypothesis explains how polyamines can inappropriately activate enzymes involved in NETosis, a process in which chromatin is modified and extruded from cells as extracellular traps that bind pathogens during an immune response. This polyamine-induced enzymatic activity can lead to an increase in NETosis resulting in release of autoantigenic material and tissue damage.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00091

• Title: Systemic immune response to vimentin and granuloma formation in a model of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
  • Abstract: A characteristic feature of sarcoidosis is a dysregulated immune response to persistent stimuli, often leading to the formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in various organs. Although genetic susceptibility is an essential factor in disease development, the etiology of sarcoidosis is not fully understood. Specifically, whether autoimmunity contributes to the initiation or progression of the disease is uncertain. In this study, we investigated systemic autoimmunity to vimentin in sarcoidosis. Our study also highlights the possible role of ILC2-driven TH2-like responses in the formation of lung granulomas in sarcoidosis.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100153

• Title: Chronic post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome: Is there a role for extracorporeal apheresis?
  • Abstract: As millions of patients have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus a vast number of individuals complain about continuing breathlessness and fatigue even months after the onset of the disease. This overwhelming phenomenon has not been well defined and has been called “post-COVID syndrome” or “long-COVID” [1]. There are striking similarities to myalgic encephalomyelitis also called chronic fatigue syndrome linked to a viral and autoimmune pathogenesis. In both disorders neurotransmitter receptor antibodies against ß-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors may play a key role. We found similar elevation of these autoantibodies in both patient groups. Extracorporeal apheresis using a special filter seems to be effective in reducing these antibodies in a significant way clearly improving the debilitating symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Therefore, such a form of neuropheresis may provide a promising therapeutic option for patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. This method will also be effective when other hitherto unknown antibodies and inflammatory mediators are involved.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01148-4

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Autoantibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors: An evolving history in autoimmunity. Report of the 4th international symposium.
  • Abstract: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Functional autoantibodies targeting GPCRs have been associated with multiple disease manifestations in this context. Here we summarize and discuss the relevant findings and concepts presented in the biennial International Meeting on autoantibodies targeting GPCRs (the 4th Symposium), held in Lübeck, Germany, 15–16 September 2022. The symposium focused on the current knowledge of these autoantibodies’ role in various diseases, such as cardiovascular, renal, infectious (COVID-19), and autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus). Beyond their association with disease phenotypes, intense research related to the mechanistic action of these autoantibodies on immune regulation and pathogenesis has been developed, underscoring the role of autoantibodies targeting GPCRs on disease outcomes and etiopathogenesis. The observation repeatedly highlighted that autoantibodies targeting GPCRs could also be present in healthy individuals, suggesting that anti-GPCR autoantibodies play a physiologic role in modeling the course of diseases. Since numerous therapies targeting GPCRs have been developed, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies designed for treating cancer, infections, metabolic disorders, or inflammatory conditions, anti-GPCR autoantibodies themselves can serve as therapeutic targets to reduce patients’ morbidity and mortality, representing a new area for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103310

• Title: Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA): past, present, and future implications.
  • Abstract: Adjuvants, as the name indicates, are adjoined material aimed to assist in functioning as when added to vaccines they are meant to boost the effect and strongly stimulate the immune system. The response of the immune system can be unpredictable, and the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) was developed to address possible adverse reactions of an autoimmune and inflammatory type that may be caused by adjuvants. While ASIA, as a syndrome, was coined and defined in 2011; reports describing patients with vague and nonspecific clinical symptoms following vaccinations appeared much earlier. In other words, ASIA came to define, arrange, and unite the variety of symptoms, related to autoimmunity, caused not by the vaccine itself, rather by the adjuvant part of the vaccine such as aluminum, among others.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/cei/uxad033

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Vaccines and Autoimmunity—From Side Effects to ASIA Syndrome.
  • Abstract: Since vaccines are in fact manufactured chemical compounds such as drugs, the appearance of side effects following their use is not surprising. Similarly, as the main goal of vaccines is to stimulate the immune system bringing out the production of protective antibodies, autoimmune-related side effects as a consequence of increased immune activity do not seem irrational. Fortunately, the rate of such side effects is low; however, the importance of reporting adverse events following vaccinations, understanding the mechanisms behind their appearance, making early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment cannot be overemphasized. In fact, autoimmune-related side effects of vaccines, particularly those based on adjuvants, were reported long before the introduction of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). Nevertheless, ASIA gathered and united the side effects of vaccines under one title, a step which helped organize the research and call for better immune stimulators than adjuvants. New technologies and methods of making vaccines were clearly noticed during the pandemic of COVID-19 after the introduction of mRNA-based vaccines. In our current paper, we introduce the notion of side effects to vaccines, particularly those of autoimmune nature, the mechanisms of ASIA, and the main vaccines linked with the syndrome including the recent COVID-19 vaccines.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020364

• Title: Serum amyloid A—A potential therapeutic target for hyper-inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19.
  • Abstract: Serum amyloid-A (SAA) is associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Familial Mediterranean Fever, sarcoidosis, and vasculitis. There is accumulating evidence that SAA is a reliable biomarker for these autoinflammatory and rheumatic diseases and may contribute to their pathophysiology. Hyperinflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 is a complex interaction between infection and autoimmunity and elevation of SAA is strongly correlated with severity of the inflammation. In this review we highlight the involvement of SAA in these different inflammatory conditions, consider its potential role and discuss whether it could be a potential target for treatment of the hyperinflammatory state of COVID-19 with many potential advantages and fewer adverse effects. Additional studies linking SAA to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 hyper-inflammation and autoimmunity are needed to establish the causal relationship and the therapeutic potential of inhibitors of SAA activity.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1135695

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Post-COVID-19 polyautoimmunity – Fact or coincidence: A case report.
  • Abstract: COVID-19 exhibits diverse and systemic clinical symptoms, much like systemic autoimmune diseases, and there are notable similarities in the immune responses seen in both conditions. There are rare reports of ulcerative colitis and autoimmune hepatitis triggered by COVID-19 infection. Reported herein is a case of a previously healthy patient who was diagnosed with chronic colitis resembling ulcerative colitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, and suspected immune-mediated hepatitis (AIH-like hepatitis) 2 months after a COVID-19 infection.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1013125

• Title: Hemorrhage complications in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: Risk factors and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Abstract: Bleeding complications are recognized as relatively infrequent manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and the safety of antithrombotic therapy during pregnancy is of concern. This study aims to assess the risk factors and possible associations between bleeding complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in patients with APS.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145146

• Title: Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 reprograms monocytes and macrophages to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation.
  • Abstract: Chronic or uncontrolled activation of myeloid cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) is a hallmark of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs with the capacity to impair innate immune cell overactivation under inflammatory conditions. Compelling evidence pointed out cannabinoids as potential therapeutic tools with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity. WIN55,212-2, a non-selective synthetic cannabinoid agonist, displays protective effects in several inflammatory conditions by mechanisms partially depending on the generation of tolerogenic DCs able to induce functional regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, its immunomodulatory capacity on other myeloid cells such as monocytes and macrophages remains incompletely understood.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147520

• Title: JAK inhibitors: new indication and emerging safety data in 2022.
  • Abstract: Janus kinase inhibitors continue to show promise in a diverse range of indications, but administration of these drugs needs careful consideration of the benefits and risks. Among a plethora of publications in 2022, notable studies explored an important new indication and provided insights into safety concerns.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00891-4

• Title: Gene Expression and Autoantibody Analysis Revealing Distinct Ancestry-Specific Profiles Associated With Response to Rituximab in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
  • Abstract: Gene expression profiles are associated with the clinical heterogeneity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but are not well studied as biomarkers for therapy. We studied gene expression and response to rituximab in a multiethnic UK cohort who were refractory to standard therapy.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42404

• Title: Experimental models of Sjögren’s syndrome: differences and similarities with human disease.
  • Abstract: Mouse models have been employed extensively to provide pathogenetic insights into many complex human disorders including systemic autoimmune diseases. The explosion of biotechnology and molecular biology have simplified the procedures to design and generate mouse models with the phenotype of interest. In this line, more than 30 mouse models have been proposed or developed to resemble Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) in humans, in an attempt to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease and design more effective treatments. So far, none of these models has been proven an ideal recapitulation of the human disease, although each model mimics particular aspects of the human SS counterpart. This review summarises the main characteristics of the mouse models of SS that have been developed hitherto, comparing them with the human SS in terms of clinical features, sex predilection, histopathology, autoantibodies production, and propensity for lymphoma.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/d4cx78

• Title: Clinical and laboratory findings of primary Sjögren’s syndrome patients without sicca symptoms.
  • Abstract: Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterised by oral and eye dryness. A minority of patients can present without dryness but studies on their clinico-laboratory manifestations are scarce. Our purpose was to describe the clinical phenotype of pSS patients lacking sicca symptoms.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/gqvyus

• Title: Fatigue in primary Sjögren’s syndrome is associated with an objective decline in physical performance, pain and depression.
  • Abstract: Fatigue is a major complaint in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). To acquire a better understanding of fatigue in pSS, we investigated objective measures of performance decline (performance fatigability). Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship of self-reported fatigue with performance fatigability and factors modulating perceptions of fatigability (perceived fatigability).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/70s6cs

• Title: Ferritin-induced NETs lead to cytokine storm in AOSD.
  • Abstract: The spectrum of hyperferritinaemic syndrome encompasses clinical conditions including adult-onset Still disease (AOSD), macrophage activation syndrome, catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome and septic shock, as well as severe COVID-19. Emerging evidence suggests that ferritin, rather than being a biomarker of the inflammatory response, might contribute directly to the pathogenic mechanism that results in systemic inflammation. A study now shows that ferritin promotes neutrophil activation and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) via the ferritin receptor macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00899-w

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: AhR promotes suppressor cell function in Sjögren syndrome.
  • Abstract: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells involved in regulating immune responses in many pathological conditions. Emerging evidence suggest that the suppressive activity of MDSCs is impaired in primary Sjögren syndrome.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00893-2

• Title: Highlights of the 15th International Symposiumon Sjögren’s Syndrome.
  • Abstract: Highlights of the 15th International Symposiumon Sjögren’s Syndrome.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/yt6g9t

• Title: Towards the identification of novel autoantibodies in Sjögren’s syndrome.
  • Abstract: Primary Sjögren’s syndrome may be difficult to diagnose when antibodies against Ro/SSA are lacking, and can be grouped in at least four clusters indicating different pathophysiological pathways. Novel biomarkers, in particular autoantibodies, would be helpful in diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome and in further identification and characterisation of the clusters. In this review, we describe new technologies that may be utilised in the rapid identification of novel autoantibodies, and an example of how well characterised patients, here from the HarmonicSS cohort, are a prerequisite in the discovery of clinically meaningful biomarkers. This translational approach hold promise to optimise the diagnosis and treatment of individual pSS patient subsets.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/sba8k2

• Title: Exposure to dogs and cats and risk of asthma: A retrospective study.
  • Abstract: Findings on the relationship between pet exposure and asthma in western countries are inconsistent. This retrospective study examined the association of owning a dog or cat with the onset of asthma in Japanese people. We also investigated whether there is a critical window during which exposure to dogs and cats can reduce the risk of asthma by stratifying the analysis by the age at which pet ownership began.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282184

• Title: A novel lipidic peptide with potential to promote balanced effector-regulatory T cell responses.
  • Abstract: T cell-dendritic cell (DC) interactions contribute to reciprocal stimulation leading to DC maturation that results in production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Both cytokines have been implicated in autoimmune diseases while being necessary for effective immune responses against foreign antigens. We describe a lipidic peptide, designated IK14004, that modifies crosstalk between T cells and DCs resulting in suppression of IL-12p40/IFN-γ production. T cell production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IFN-γ is uncoupled and IL-12p70 production is enhanced. IK14004 induces expression of activating co-receptors in CD8+ T cells and increases the proportion of Foxp3-expressing CD4+ T regulatory cells. The potential for IK14004 to impact on signalling pathways required to achieve a balanced immune response upon stimulation of DCs and T cells is highlighted.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15455-5

• Title: Post Covid19 Syndrome Treatment using Autologous Gold-Activated Serum: A Preliminary Clinical Study.
  • Abstract: This case study provides encouraging evidence for the use of intravenous administration of gold-activated serum (Goldic ®) in patients diagnosed with “Post Covid19 syndrome”. This treatment appears to moderate the immune system and may be a new approach to treat a wide range of autoimmunological diseases. The measurement of autoantibodies and pGSN seems to be informative to monitor this treatment.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.29011/2574-7754.100921

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: A subset of antibodies targeting citrullinated proteins confers protection from rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Abstract: Although elevated levels of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the in vivo functions of these antibodies remain unclear. Here, we have expressed monoclonal ACPAs derived from patients with RA, and analyzed their functions in mice, as well as their specificities. None of the ACPAs showed arthritogenicity nor induced pain-associated behavior in mice. However, one of the antibodies, clone E4, protected mice from antibody-induced arthritis. E4 showed a binding pattern restricted to skin, macrophages and dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue, and cartilage derived from mouse and human arthritic joints. Proteomic analysis confirmed that E4 strongly binds to macrophages and certain RA synovial fluid proteins such as α-enolase. The protective effect of E4 was epitope-specific and dependent on the interaction between E4-citrullinated α-enolase immune complexes with FCGR2B on macrophages, resulting in increased IL-10 secretion and reduced osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggest that a subset of ACPAs have therapeutic potential in RA.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36257-x

• Title: Increased rates of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-centre experience.
  • Abstract: Higher-level evidence is required to discern whether the incidence of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether the disease pattern and course have changed. We aimed to analyse patients who were diagnosed with IIM at our tertiary care centre during the pandemic and compare them with IIM patients diagnosed before COVID-19.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/970881

• Title: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myositis: from pathophysiology to treatment.
  • Abstract: With rapid advances in immuno-oncology, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used for a broad array of malignancies. This has led to a novel spectrum of adverse effects including ICI-related myositis, a potentially life-threatening neuromuscular complication that must be diagnosed and treated promptly. Significant gaps exist in the current understanding of ICI-related myositis due to the rarity of the condition and the lack of evidence-based guidelines, prompting the need to synthesize the most relevant and recent published works in the field. This review provides a broad overview of ICI-related myositis with an emphasis on pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features, workup, management and future directions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/q7mdjs

• Title: Salivary IgA subtypes as novel disease biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • Abstract: With rapid advances in immuno-oncology, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used for a broad array of malignancies. This has led to a novel spectrum of adverse effects including ICI-related myositis, a potentially life-threatening neuromuscular complication that must be diagnosed and treated promptly. Significant gaps exist in the current understanding of ICI-related myositis due to the rarity of the condition and the lack of evidence-based guidelines, prompting the need to synthesize the most relevant and recent published works in the field. This review provides a broad overview of ICI-related myositis with an emphasis on pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features, workup, management and future directions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/q7mdjs

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Molecular mechanisms governing the progression of nephritis in lupus prone mice and human lupus patients.
  • Abstract: Pathologic inflammation is a major driver of kidney damage in lupus nephritis (LN), but the immune mechanisms of disease progression and risk factors for end organ damage are poorly understood. This work provides a comprehensive examination of the immune processes involved in progression of murine LN and thus contributes to our understanding of the risk factors for end-stage renal disease.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147526

• Title: COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  • Abstract: Much research shows that blood calcidiol (25(OH)D3) levels correlate strongly with SARS-CoV-2 infection severity. There is open discussion regarding whether low D3 is caused by the infection or if deficiency negatively affects immune defense. The aim of this study was to collect further evidence on this topic.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103596

• Title: Malignancies in systemic rheumatic diseases: A mini review.
  • Abstract: There is an increased risk of malignancies in patients with many systemic rheumatic diseases, which negatively impact on their quality of life. The risk and types of malignancies can differ by the type of rheumatic diseases. Possible mechanisms linking them are dynamic and complicated, including chronic inflammation and damage in rheumatic disease, inability to clear oncogenic infections, shared etiology and some anti-rheumatic therapies. Although certain disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been proved to be potentially carcinogenic, the majority of them were not associated with increased risk of most malignancies in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095526

• Title: Sepsis and infection: Two words that should not be confused.
  • Abstract: The underlying cause of sepsis is a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to multiple organ failure. Identifying sepsis is crucial because of the associated pathophysiological, practical, and therapeutic implications, which will determine where and how the patient should be managed. In the absence of an end-of-life decision to limit therapies, the patient should be admitted to the intensive care unit immediately. Importantly, not all patients with sepsis are the same and being able to better characterize them is important. The future will focus on phenotypes to characterize critically ill patients, with or without infection, to enable more appropriate targeting of therapeutic interventions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1156732

• Title: Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinaemia in patients affected by idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a multicentre study.
  • Abstract: Rituximab (RTX) is an anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody recommended as off-label treatment in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). The present study aimed to evaluate changes in immunoglobulin (Ig) levels during RTX-treatment and their potential association with infections in a cohort of IIM patients.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/790ihy

• Title: Impact of anti-PEG antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
  • Abstract: The successful mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 contain polyethylene glycol (PEG) to stabilize the lipid nanoparticles. Recent data show that PEG-specific antibodies can be induced or boosted by mRNA vaccination. Further research is needed to study the potential links between PEG-specific antibodies, vaccine reactogenicity and enhanced clearance of other PEG-containing medicines.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00825-x

• Title: Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and osteoarthritis: A national population-based analysis of NHANES 2001–2018.
  • Abstract: Previous studies have not provided a consensus on the effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] on osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to evaluate the association using a large, nationally representative sample.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1016809

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Clinical and serological factors associated with lupus pericarditis: a case–control study.
  • Abstract: Lupus pericarditis, a common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), can be fatal. We examined the prevalence of lupus pericarditis and its associated factors in a Taiwanese SLE cohort.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06469-5

• Title: Case report: Fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory ankylosing spondylitis.
  • Abstract: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the prototype of a group of systemic inflammatory diseases referred to as spondyloarthritis. Comorbid inflammatory bowel disease and changed gut microbiota in AS have attracted attention to the influence of gut–joint axis and encouraged treating AS by targeting gut microbiota. Here we first reported a patient with refractory AS and comorbid ulcerative colitis (UC) who underwent three fecal microbiota transplantations (FMTs).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093233

• Title: Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses.
  • Abstract: Here we summarize neutralizing antibodies that target four key regions within the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, namely the N-terminal domain and the receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit, and the stem helix region and the fusion peptide region in the S2 subunit. Understanding the characteristics of these broadly neutralizing antibodies will accelerate the development of new antibody therapeutics and provide guidance for the rational design of next-generation vaccines.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00784-3

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: A Case of Autoimmune Small Fiber Neuropathy as Possible Post COVID Sequelae.
  • Abstract: Autoimmune processes known to be triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection are a likely cause of SFN. Though the development of SFN might also be due to the primary Sjögren’s syndrome, at least a multifactorial disease etiology can be anticipated. Our case report is intended to raise awareness to clinicians for correctly diagnosing SFN and to reevaluate ANA and ENA subsets in the patient disease course to obtain a correct diagnosis and document new, possible complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064918

• Title: The effect of explantation on systemic disease symptoms and quality of life in patients with breast implant illness: a prospective cohort study.
  • Abstract: Silicone breast implants (SBIs) have been subject to scientific scrutiny since the 1960’s because of their potential link with systemic disease symptoms. Breast implant illness (BII) is a cluster of over 56 (systemic) symptoms attributed by patients to their SBIs. BII remains an unofficial medical diagnosis, although its symptoms include but are not limited to the clinical manifestations of autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). The aim of this study was to prospectively analyse the effect of explantation on clinical manifestations of ASIA/BII symptoms, as well as to compare (breast-surgery specific) QoL in patients pre- and postoperatively while recording relevant perioperative/patient data.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25300-4

• Title: Guillain-Barre syndrome following COVID-19 vaccines: A review of literature.
  • Abstract: This study aimed to retrospectively analyze reported Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) cases that occurred after COVID-19 vaccination. The higher rate of facial involvement and a lower positive rate of anti-ganglioside antibodies may be a characteristic feature of GBS following COVID-19 vaccination. The causal relationship between GBS and COVID-19 vaccination remains speculative, more research is needed to establish an association between GBS and COVID-19 vaccination.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1078197

• Title: Systemic inflammatory markers in patients with polyneuropathies.
  • Abstract: In patients with peripheral neuropathies (PNP), neuropathic pain is present in 50% of the cases, independent of the etiology. The pathophysiology of pain is poorly understood, and inflammatory processes have been found to be involved in neuro-degeneration, -regeneration and pain. While previous studies have found a local upregulation of inflammatory mediators in patients with PNP, there is a high variability described in the cytokines present systemically in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We hypothesized that the development of PNP and neuropathic pain is associated with enhanced systemic inflammation.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1067714

• Title: Exploring the association and causal effect between white blood cells and psoriasis using large-scale population data.
  • Abstract: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. A few studies have shown that psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease in which multiple immune cells play crucial roles. However, the association between circulating immune cells and psoriasis remains elusive. Our findings revealed an important association between circulating leukocytes and psoriasis, which is instructive for the clinical practice of psoriasis treatment.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043380

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Alterations in the immune system persist after one year of convalescence in severe COVID-19 patients.
  • Abstract: Severe COVID-19 originates a myriad of alterations in the immune system during active disease, especially in the T and NK cell compartments, but several studies in the last year have unveiled some alterations that persist in convalescence. Although most of the studies follow the participants for a short recovery time, studies following patients up to three or six months still find alterations. We aimed at evaluating changes in the NK, T and B cell compartments after severe COVID-19 in participants with a median recovery time of eleven months.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127352

• Title: Autoimmune autonomic nervous system imbalance and conditions: Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, silicone breast implants, COVID and post-COVID syndrome, sick building syndrome, post-orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, autoimmune diseases and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants.
  • Abstract:
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia, silicone breast implants syndrome (SBIs), COVID and post-COVID syndrome (PCS), sick building syndrome (SBS), post-orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), autoimmune diseases and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) are frequently accompanied by clinical symptoms characteristic for dysautonomia: severe fatigue, dizziness, fogginess, memory loss, dry mouth and eyes, hearing dysfunction, tachycardia etc. The recent discovery of an imbalance of autoantibodies against G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in some autoimmune diseases, post-COVID syndrome, SBIs allowed researchers to assume the novel mechanism in these conditions – autoimmune autonomic nervous system imbalance. In this review, all data published on an imbalance of autoantibodies against GPCR, clinical symptoms and pathogenic mechanisms in CFS, Fibromyalgia, SBIs, COVID and PCS, SBS, POTS, and some autoimmune diseases were analyzed. Possible criteria to diagnose the autoimmune autonomic nervous system imbalance were created.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103230

• Title: Autoimmune Autonomic Dysfunction Syndromes: Potential Involvement and Pathophysiology Related to Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Silicone Breast Implant–Related Symptoms and Post-COVID Syndrome.
  • Abstract: The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in chronic disorders such as complex regional pain syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, silicone breast implant–related symptoms, and post-COVID syndrome have not been clearly defined. The course of the pain in some of the syndromes, the absence of evident tissue damage, and the predominance of alterations in the autonomic nervous system are shared similarities between them. The production of autoantibodies following a trigger in the syndromes was previously described, for instance, trauma in complex regional pain syndrome, infectious agents in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and post-COVID syndrome, and the immune stimulation by silicone in women with breast implants. In fact, the autoantibodies produced were shown to be directed against the autonomic nervous system receptors, leading to the amplification of the perception of pain alongside various clinical symptoms seen during the clinical course of the syndromes. Therefore, we viewed autoantibodies targeting the autonomic nervous system resulting in autonomic dysfunction as likely the most comprehensive explanation of the pathophysiology of the disorders mentioned.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030033

• Title: Biomarkers in the diagnostic algorithm of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • Abstract: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex disease that is mainly diagnosed based on its clinical symptoms. Biomarkers that could facilitate the diagnosis of ME/CFS are not yet available; therefore, reliable and clinically useful disease indicators are of high importance. The aim of this work was to analyze the association between ME/CFS clinical course severity, presence of HHV-6A/B infection markers, and plasma levels of autoantibodies against adrenergic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.928945

• Title: The Prevalence of Hearing Impairments in Women with Silicone Breast Implants.
  • Abstract: Many women with silicone breast implants (SBIs) report non-specific complaints, including hearing impairments. Hearing impairment appears to be associated with a number of autoimmune conditions. The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of hearing impairments among women with SBIs and to explore potential improvements in their hearing capability following implant removal.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases11010031

• Title: Back to the Future: Is the Schober Test Dispensable in Juvenile Spondyloarthritis?
  • Abstract: Successful completion of clinical trials requires validated outcome measures. There are several measures used in adult patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), including the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.221231

• Title: Autoantibody Correlation Signatures in Fibromyalgia and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Association with Symptom Severity.
  • Abstract: Recent studies provide some evidence for the contribution of antibody-mediated autoimmune mechanisms to the nature of fibromyalgia (FM) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Much attention was paid to the autoantibodies (AAb) targeting G protein-coupled receptors as natural components of the immune system. However, the natural AAb network is much more extensive, and has not been previously investigated in these disorders. The enzyme immunoassays ELI-Viscero-Test and ELI-Neuro-Test were used to determine changes in serum content of 33 natural AAb to neural, organ-specific and non-tissue-specific autoantigens (a) in 11 ME/CFS patients with comorbid FM; (b) in 11 ME/CFS patients without FM; (c) in 11 healthy controls.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020257

• Title: Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disorders and COVID-19: Comorbid Pathogenesis.
  • Abstract: The article describes how atherosclerosis and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) may affect each other. The features of this comorbid pathogenesis at various levels (vascular, cellular and molecular) are considered. A bidirectional influence of these conditions is described: the presence of cardiovascular diseases affects different individuals’ susceptibility to viral infection. In turn, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have a negative effect on the endothelium and cardiomyocytes, causing blood clotting, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thus exacerbating the development of atherosclerosis.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030478

• Title: The Role of Complement in Autoimmune Disease-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy and the Potential for Therapeutics.
  • Abstract: The complement system is a tightly regulated, cascading protein network representing a key component linking the innate and humoral immune systems. However, if misdirected or dysregulated, it can be similarly damaging to host-tissue. The role of complement dysregulation on vascular endothelial cells has been well established in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and target organ injury. Yet a great deal of complexity exists around the role of complement in TMA associated with other diseases.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220752

• Title: A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS).
  • Abstract: This review explores underlying mechanisms and possible manifestations of persistent post-COVID syndrome, and presents a framework of strategies for the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected or confirmed persistent post-COVID syndrome.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Advanced Imaging Supports the Mechanistic Role of Autoimmunity and Plaque Rupture in COVID-19 Heart Involvement.
  • Abstract: The cardiovascular system is frequently affected by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), particularly in hospitalized cases, and these manifestations are associated with a worse prognosis. Most commonly, heart involvement is represented by myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism, while arrhythmias, heart valve damage, and pericarditis are less frequent. While the clinical suspicion is necessary for a prompt disease recognition, imaging allows the early detection of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08925-1

• Title: The Positive Predictive Value of a Very High Serum IgG4 Concentration for the Diagnosis of IgG4-Related Disease.
  • Abstract: Serum IgG4 concentrations are used to evaluate a diagnosis of IgG4- related disease (IgG4-RD), but the positive predictive value (PPV) of a very high IgG4 level is uncertain. This study evaluated the PPV of a very high IgG4 concentration for diagnosing IgG4-RD.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220423

• Title: The persistent viral infections in the development and severity of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • Abstract: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multifactorial disease with an unexplained aetiology in which viral infections are possible trigger factors. The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A/B, HHV-7, and parvovirus B19 (B19V) in the etiopathogenesis of ME/CFS.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-03887-0

• Title: Traditional and Disease Specific Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Events in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Multinational Retrospective Study.
  • Abstract: We showed that geographic region and both traditional and disease-specific (kidney involvement in particular) factors were independently associated with CVEs. Proper assessment and management of modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are essential for prevention of CV morbidity in patients with AAV.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220851

• Title: Duration of Steroid Therapy and Temporal Artery Biopsy Positivity in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
  • Abstract: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common large-vessel vasculitis that primarily affects older individuals. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with empiric glucocorticoids (GCs) is important because GCA can lead to ischemic complications, including visual loss.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220860

• Title: Physical activity habits among older adults living with rheumatic disease.
  • Abstract: Among patients with rheumatic diseases, levels of vigorous PA were relatively low among older patients. These observations, though descriptive, support a relationship between physical inactivity and obesity, depression, poor sleep, and fatigue in patients with rheumatic disease.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.211244

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Post COVID-19 Syndrome in Patients with Asymptomatic/Mild Form.
  • Abstract: Post COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) is a complex of various symptoms developing a month or more after the acute phase of the disease. The cases of PCS development among patients with asymptomatic/mild forms are frequently reported; however, the pathogenesis of PCS in this group of patients is still not completely clear. The publications about COVID-19 which were published in online databases from December 2019 to September 2021 are analyzed in this review.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111408

• Title: The mosaic of autoimmunity – A taste for more. The 12th international congress of autoimmunity 2021 (AUTO12) virtual.
  • Abstract: Notwithstanding the fact that the 12th international congress of autoimmunity (AUTO12) was held virtual this year, the number of the abstracts submitted and those presented crossed the thousand marks. Leading investigators and researchers from all over the world presented the latest developments of their research in the domain of autoimmunity and its correlation with various diseases. In terms of mechanisms of autoimmunity, an update on the mechanisms behind the association of autoimmunity with systemic diseases focusing on hyperstimulation was presented during AUTO12.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102945

• Title: Epiregulin is a dendritic cell-derived EGFR ligand that maintains skin and lung fibrosis.
  • Abstract: Immune cells are fundamental regulators of extracellular matrix (ECM) production by fibroblasts and have important roles in determining extent of fibrosis in response to inflammation. Although much is known about fibroblast signaling in fibrosis, the molecular signals between immune cells and fibroblasts that drive its persistence are poorly understood. We therefore analyzed skin and lung samples of patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that causes debilitating fibrosis of the skin and internal organs.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abq6691

• Title: Benefits & risks of physical activity in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a systematic review of the literature.
  • Abstract: Most patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) have limited levels of physical activity (PA). The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence regarding the benefits and potential risks of PA in SLE.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152128

• Title: Autoinflammation: Interferonopathies and Other Autoinflammatory Diseases.
  • Abstract: The family of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) continues to expand and now includes over 40 genetically defined disorders. Their defining feature is a dysregulated inflammatory innate immune response. Many AIDs have overlapping clinical characteristics, and dermatological manifestations are common. Autoinflammatory features have also been recognized in more common dermatological conditions such as psoriasis. Furthermore, there is an increasing understanding that immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and even some allergic disorders share overlapping autoinflammatory features. The discovery that certain somatic mutations, arising within the bone marrow and restricted to the myeloid cell lineage can cause acquired AID heralds a new era of discoveries in this field.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.189

• Title: Cutaneous and Ganglion Sarcoidosis Induced by Polycaprolactone Facial Filler: A New Expression of ASIA Syndrome?
  • Abstract: Dermal fillers are applied using a minimally invasive technique with a good safety profile. However, they can have side effects. We present the case of a patient who, 2 months after undergoing polycaprolactone (Ellansé^®) injections, developed nodular facial and nodal lesions that were compatible with sarcoidosis on histology. This complication has not been previously described for polycaprolactone and could be the expression of an autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.12890/2021_002652

• Title: Symptoms in women with fibromyalgia after performing physical activity: the role of pain catastrophizing and disease impact.
  • Abstract: Walking is an effective treatment for symptoms’ management in patients with fibromyalgia. However, despite its benefits, fibromyalgia patients face a variety of obstacles that result in reduced ability to sustain physical exercise. The main goal of the study was to analyze the role of pain catastrophizing and fibromyalgia impact in the relationship between regular walking behavior and pain and fatigue experienced after a laboratory walking test.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06342-5

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Does prednisone use in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis induce insulin resistance in the offspring?
  • Abstract: The use of long-term corticosteroids during pregnancy has been growing over the past decades. Corticosteroids can be given when an auto-inflammatory disease like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is too active. Several studies have shown that long-term corticosteroids use in pregnancy is associated with maternal and fetal adverse outcomes, like preeclampsia, shorter gestational age, lower birth weight, and rapid catch-up growth. These last two outcomes could influence the insulin resistance later in life. Our objective was to investigate whether prednisone use in pregnant women with RA induces insulin resistance in offspring.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06347-0

• Title: Cancer-associated vasculitides: a single-centre case series.
  • Abstract: This study investigated the frequency of cancer-associated vasculitis, the types of associated cancers and vasculitides, and the temporal relationship in Korean patients who were diagnosed with both cancers and vasculitides.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06363-0

• Title: Clinical characteristics of SLE patients infected with Epstein-Barr virus and potential associated risk factors.
  • Abstract: Older age, higher IgG level, and longer immunosuppressive duration are associated with the positivity of EBV DNA in SLE patients. A seroconversion of EBV DNA indicates an association between EBV positivity and therapy response, while larger number cases are needed to confirm.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06369-8

• Title: A study of temporal artery biopsy for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis.
  • Abstract: This large, retrospective, multicenter study examines the Mayo Clinic experience with temporal artery biopsies over an 11-year period to help form guidelines that would lead to optimal performance of the technique.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06371-0

• Title: The biology of symptom-based disorders – time to act.
  • Abstract: Symptom-based disorders are conditions that are characterised mostly by somatic symptoms rather than objectively identifiable signs. They are very common, including pain and fatigue disorders, functional gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, and others, and they cause far greater disability than diseases where signs are prominent. Such conditions may sometimes be triggered by infection, as in Post Covid Syndrome (Cabral-Marques et al., 2022; Baiocchi et al., 2022) or physical or psychological trauma. By employing passive immunoglobulin transfer experimental approaches, recent research in several ‘unexplained’ chronic pain conditions has demonstrated that pathogenic IgG autoantibodies can explain several of these conditions’ core symptoms and are ubiquitous in patients with severe phenotypes. The promise from placing positive resources into exploring the role of ‘invisible’, functional, non-inflammatory autoantibodies in symptom-based disorders across additional areas of Medicine includes patient empowerment and the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103218

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Intravenous immunoglobuline in dysautonomia.
  • Abstract: Nowadays intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment is considered to play a promising role in the autoimmune disease therapy. Despite its significant beneficial effects, the precise mechanism of action needs further studies, as well as recommended dosage in the treatment of autoimmune dysautonomia. In some diseases, like Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (CIDP), IVIg has a strong evidence that allows to recommend and prescribe the medication, while in other diseases only single case studies are available that requires further research. The review summarizes the currently available information on the effectiveness of IVIg in primary autoimmune neuropathies and neurological complications of systemic diseases, as well as side effects, features of clinical use with an emphasis on doses and treatment protocols in dysautonomia.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2022.109039

• Title: From fecal microbiota transplantation toward next-generation beneficial microbes: The case of Anaerobutyricum soehngenii.
  • Abstract: The commensal gut microbiota is important for human health and well-being whereas deviations of the gut microbiota have been associated with a multitude of diseases. Restoration of a balanced and diverse microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a potential treatment strategy and promising tool to study causality of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis. However, FMT comes with logistical challenges and potential safety risks, such as the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms, undesired phenotypes or an increased risk of developing disease later in life. Therefore, a more controlled, personalized mixture of cultured beneficial microbes might prove a better alternative.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1077275

• Title: Emotion regulation and the salience network: a hypothetical integrative model of fibromyalgia.
  • Abstract: Fibromyalgia is characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances and other symptoms, and has a substantial socioeconomic impact. Current biomedical and psychosocial treatments are unsatisfactory for many patients, and treatment progress has been hindered by the lack of a clear understanding of the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. We present here a model of fibromyalgia that integrates current psychosocial and neurophysiological observations. We propose that an imbalance in emotion regulation, reflected by an overactive ‘threat’ system and underactive ‘soothing’ system, might keep the ‘salience network’ (also known as the midcingulo-insular network) in continuous alert mode, and this hyperactivation, in conjunction with other mechanisms, contributes to fibromyalgia. This proposed integrative model, which we term the Fibromyalgia: Imbalance of Threat and Soothing Systems (FITSS) model, should be viewed as a working hypothesis with limited supporting evidence available. We hope, however, that this model will shed new light on existing psychosocial and biological observations, and inspire future research to address the many gaps in our knowledge about fibromyalgia, ultimately stimulating the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00873-6

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.

• Title: Hydroxychloroquine dose: balancing toxicity and SLE flare risk.
  • Abstract: Contemporary guidelines for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) recommend prescribing hydroxychloroquine dosages of 5 mg/kg per day or lower to minimize toxicity. However, new evidence raises serious concerns about the risk of SLE flare associated with such doses. How do the benefits and risks of this controversial recommendation balance out?
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00868-3

• Title: Cutaneous bacteria promote autoimmunity in mice.
  • Abstract: Microbiota in various locations in the body are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. New research in a mouse model that permits cutaneous bacterial growth has demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus applied to the skin can induce autoimmunity and inflammation characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00878-1

• Title: Mapping the immune landscape of MDA5⁺ dermatomyositis.
  • Abstract: Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis (known as MDA5⁺ DM) is a rare subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) that is associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and high mortality. To better understand the aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease, researchers have explored the cellular and molecular features of MDA5⁺ DM using various single-cell and immune profiling approaches.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00879-0

• Title: Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK.
  • Abstract: Some autoimmune diseases are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine whether or not this is true, and to what extent, for a broad range of autoimmune conditions.
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01349-6

Here we list the most notable recent articles on Autoimmunity and Autoimmune diseases for recommended reading.