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Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases collectively affect around 5-8% of the population worldwide, with women being more commonly affected than men.

Here, you’ll find a comprehensive list of most autoimmune diseases—from more common conditions like rheumatoid arthritis to lesser-known disorders. Whether you’re newly diagnosed or looking for in-depth information, this resource will guide you through the signs, potential causes, and management strategies for these complex conditions.

1. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

  • What It Is: An autoimmune condition where the body attacks the thyroid, usually leading to low thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism).
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, hair thinning, constipation, and dry skin.
  • Why It Matters: Untreated, it can cause persistent low energy and other complications.
  • Typical Treatment: Daily thyroid hormone replacement.

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

  • What It Is: A chronic autoimmune disease targeting the lining of the joints.
  • Common Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling, stiffness (often worse in the morning), fatigue, and symmetrical joint involvement.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to joint damage, deformities, and reduced mobility if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: Medications like DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate) and biologics, plus physical therapy.

3. Fibromyalgia

  • What It Is: A condition involving widespread pain processing abnormalities, potentially linked to immune dysregulation.
  • Common Symptoms: Widespread muscle pain, tender points, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and “brain fog.”
  • Why It Matters: Pain and fatigue can significantly impact daily activities and mental well-being.
  • Typical Treatment: Pain management (medications, exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy), stress reduction, and good sleep hygiene.

4. Psoriasis

  • What It Is: A chronic autoimmune skin condition speeding up skin cell growth.
  • Common Symptoms: Thick, scaly, red patches (plaques) that may itch or burn, often on elbows, knees, scalp, or lower back.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect self-esteem and may be linked to psoriatic arthritis.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical creams, phototherapy, and systemic medications (including biologics).

5. Long COVID (Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19)

  • What It Is: A condition marked by lingering symptoms weeks or months after recovering from the initial COVID-19 infection.
  • Common Symptoms: Persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, “brain fog,” rapid heart rate, and joint or muscle pain.
  • Why It Matters: Can disrupt daily activities, work, and mental health for an extended period.
  • Typical Treatment: Symptom management, rehabilitation therapy, and medical follow-up to address specific complications.

6. Graves’ Disease

  • What It Is: An autoimmune disease causing overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
  • Common Symptoms: Anxiety, rapid heartbeat, weight loss despite normal eating, heat intolerance, and eye changes (bulging).
  • Why It Matters: Excess thyroid hormone can strain the heart and affect mood and energy levels.
  • Typical Treatment: Medications (antithyroid drugs), radioactive iodine therapy, or, in some cases, surgery.

7. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

  • What It Is: The immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
  • Common Symptoms: Frequent urination, extreme thirst, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds.
  • Why It Matters: Without insulin, blood sugar remains high, damaging tissues and organs.
  • Typical Treatment: Insulin therapy (injections or pump) and careful blood glucose monitoring.

8. Celiac Disease

  • What It Is: An immune reaction to gluten (in wheat, barley, rye) that damages the small intestine.
  • Common Symptoms: Chronic diarrhea, bloating, gas, fatigue, and weight loss. Some have non-GI symptoms like joint pain or skin rash.
  • Why It Matters: Untreated, it can lead to malnutrition and other complications.
  • Typical Treatment: Strict gluten-free diet to allow intestinal healing and reduce inflammation.

9. Vitiligo

  • What It Is: An autoimmune disease causing the loss of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes).
  • Common Symptoms: White patches of skin (often on hands, face, or other sun-exposed areas) that can spread over time.
  • Why It Matters: Can significantly affect appearance and emotional well-being.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical steroids, light therapy, or depigmentation therapy (in widespread cases).

10. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

  • What It Is: A multifaceted autoimmune disease affecting joints, skin, kidneys, brain, and more.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, joint pain, butterfly-shaped facial rash, sensitivity to sunlight, and kidney problems.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect multiple organs, leading to serious complications if not addressed.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine) to control inflammation.

11. Sjögren’s Syndrome

  • What It Is: An autoimmune disorder attacking the glands that produce tears and saliva.
  • Common Symptoms: Dry eyes (gritty feeling), dry mouth (difficulty swallowing or speaking), fatigue, and joint pain.
  • Why It Matters: Can extend beyond dryness to affect lungs, kidneys, nerves, or other organs.
  • Typical Treatment: Artificial tears, saliva substitutes, and possibly immunosuppressants for systemic involvement.

12. Pernicious Anemia

  • What It Is: The immune system targets stomach cells that produce “intrinsic factor,” needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling in hands/feet, balance issues, and a swollen “beefy” tongue.
  • Why It Matters: B12 deficiency can lead to nerve damage and cognitive problems if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: Vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements.

13. Addison’s Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune damage to the adrenal glands, reducing production of cortisol and sometimes aldosterone.
  • Common Symptoms: Chronic fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, salt cravings, darkening of the skin in some cases.
  • Why It Matters: Can be life-threatening if cortisol levels drop too low (adrenal crisis).
  • Typical Treatment: Lifelong hormone replacement (corticosteroids and possibly mineralocorticoids).

14. Polymyalgia Rheumatica

  • What It Is: An inflammatory condition common in older adults, causing muscle stiffness.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden stiffness and pain in shoulders, neck, and hips, especially in the morning or after rest.
  • Why It Matters: Can severely limit mobility and daily function.
  • Typical Treatment: Low-dose corticosteroids often provide quick relief; dose is tapered gradually.

15. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)

  • What It Is: A post-viral or immune-related syndrome characterized by extreme fatigue.
  • Common Symptoms: Profound tiredness that is not relieved by rest, “brain fog,” unrefreshing sleep, and worsening of symptoms after exertion (post-exertional malaise).
  • Why It Matters: Can significantly impact daily activities, schooling, or work.
  • Typical Treatment: Symptom management (pacing, gentle exercise, medications for pain and sleep), supportive care.

16. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)

16a. Crohn’s Disease

  • What It Is: Chronic inflammation anywhere in the GI tract, from mouth to anus.
  • Common Symptoms: Abdominal pain, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), weight loss, fatigue, and nutrient deficiencies.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to complications like fistulas or malnutrition.
  • Typical Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, biologics, and sometimes surgery.

16b. Ulcerative Colitis

  • What It Is: Inflammation confined to the colon and rectum.
  • Common Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, urgency, abdominal cramping, and frequent bowel movements.
  • Why It Matters: Can raise the risk of colon cancer if long-standing and poorly controlled.
  • Typical Treatment: Similar to Crohn’s (medication, biologics), plus routine colonoscopies.

17. Rheumatic Fever (Post-Streptococcal)

  • What It Is: An autoimmune reaction following untreated strep throat or scarlet fever.
  • Common Symptoms: Fever, painful joints, chest pain, heart valve issues, unusual body movements (chorea).
  • Why It Matters: Can cause permanent heart damage if not treated promptly.
  • Typical Treatment: Antibiotics to clear any remaining strep infection and anti-inflammatory medications.

18. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

  • What It Is: The immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
  • Common Symptoms: Numbness or tingling, vision problems, muscle weakness, balance issues, and fatigue.
  • Why It Matters: Progression varies; some experience relapses, others gradually worsen over time.
  • Typical Treatment: Disease-modifying therapies, steroids (for flares), physical therapy, and symptom management.

19. Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

  • What It Is: An autoimmune disease causing excess collagen, leading to skin thickening and potential organ involvement.
  • Common Symptoms: Tight, hardened skin, Raynaud’s phenomenon (fingers/toes turning white or blue in cold), acid reflux, and in severe cases lung/kidney issues.
  • Why It Matters: Organ complications can be life-threatening if not monitored.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressants, vasodilators (for Raynaud’s), physical therapy, and organ-specific care.

20. Ankylosing Spondylitis

  • What It Is: Inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints.
  • Common Symptoms: Chronic low back pain, stiffness that improves with exercise, and reduced spinal flexibility over time.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to “bamboo spine” (fusion of vertebrae) if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: NSAIDs, physical therapy, biologic medications, and regular exercise.

21. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune arthritis in children under 16.
  • Common Symptoms: Swollen, painful joints, fever, rash, and growth problems.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect a child’s growth and joint function if not treated.
  • Typical Treatment: NSAIDs, DMARDs, biologics, physical therapy, and careful monitoring of growth.

22. Psoriatic Arthritis

  • What It Is: A form of arthritis that appears in some individuals with psoriasis.
  • Common Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and sometimes nail pitting or separation.
  • Why It Matters: Can be debilitating if inflammation progresses.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressants (like methotrexate), biologics, physical therapy.

23. Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)

  • What It Is: An autoimmune condition where antibodies cause blood to clot abnormally.
  • Common Symptoms: Blood clots in legs (DVT) or lungs (PE), recurrent miscarriages, stroke-like symptoms in younger individuals.
  • Why It Matters: Can be life-threatening if large clots form or travel to vital organs.
  • Typical Treatment: Long-term anticoagulation (blood thinners).

24. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

  • What It Is: An acute condition where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves.
  • Common Symptoms: Rapid onset of muscle weakness, starting in the feet/legs and possibly spreading upward. May lead to difficulty breathing.
  • Why It Matters: Can progress quickly and require intensive care for breathing support.
  • Typical Treatment: IV immunoglobulins (IVIG), plasma exchange, and supportive care.

25. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)

  • What It Is: A chronic variant of GBS with ongoing immune-mediated nerve damage.
  • Common Symptoms: Gradual muscle weakness, numbness, or tingling in arms and legs, potentially affecting balance.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to disability if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: IVIG, steroids, or other immunosuppressants; physical therapy to maintain mobility.

26. Autoimmune Hepatitis

  • What It Is: The immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, yellowing of skin/eyes (jaundice), joint pain, and abnormal liver enzyme levels.
  • Why It Matters: Can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressive drugs.

27. Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune destruction of small bile ducts in the liver.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, itching (pruritus), and later jaundice.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to cirrhosis over time.
  • Typical Treatment: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), obeticholic acid, and monitoring for complications.

28. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)

  • What It Is: Chronic inflammation and scarring of bile ducts, often linked to IBD.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, itching, possible jaundice, and elevated liver enzymes.
  • Why It Matters: May progress to cirrhosis or liver failure; associated with bile duct cancer risk.
  • Typical Treatment: Symptom control, monitoring, and sometimes liver transplantation.

29. Dermatomyositis

  • What It Is: An inflammatory muscle disease featuring a distinctive skin rash.
  • Common Symptoms: Muscle weakness (particularly in hips and shoulders), purple or red rash on eyelids (“heliotrope rash”) or knuckles (Gottron’s papules).
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to muscle wasting and complications if untreated; may be linked to cancer in adults.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, physical therapy.

30. Polymyositis

  • What It Is: Similar to dermatomyositis but lacking the distinctive rash, focusing on muscle inflammation.
  • Common Symptoms: Progressive muscle weakness in the proximal muscles, difficulty climbing stairs or lifting objects overhead.
  • Why It Matters: Can severely limit daily activities if not addressed.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, physical therapy.

31. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)

  • What It Is: The immune system destroys red blood cells, causing anemia.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, yellowish skin (jaundice), or dark urine.
  • Why It Matters: Severe anemia can lead to heart strain and other complications.
  • Typical Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or blood transfusions if necessary.

32. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune destruction of platelets, crucial for blood clotting.
  • Common Symptoms: Easy bruising, tiny red dots on the skin (petechiae), bleeding gums or nosebleeds.
  • Why It Matters: Severe low platelets can lead to dangerous bleeding.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, IVIG, thrombopoietin receptor agonists to boost platelet count.

33. Scleritis (Autoimmune Inflammation of the Sclera)

  • What It Is: Inflammation of the white part of the eye, often linked with autoimmune diseases like RA.
  • Common Symptoms: Severe eye pain, redness, blurred vision, light sensitivity.
  • Why It Matters: Untreated inflammation can damage vision permanently.
  • Typical Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications (corticosteroids) or immunosuppressants.

34. Lichen Planus

  • What It Is: An inflammatory condition affecting skin and mucous membranes.
  • Common Symptoms: Flat, purplish, itchy bumps on wrists/ankles, and sometimes mouth sores that may cause burning or sensitivity.
  • Why It Matters: Oral lichen planus can affect eating and speaking; widespread lesions can be quite uncomfortable.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or phototherapy.

35. Alopecia Areata

  • What It Is: An autoimmune attack on hair follicles, causing hair loss.
  • Common Symptoms: Round or patchy bald spots on the scalp, beard, or eyebrows. Nails may show ridges or pitting.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect self-esteem; in some cases, hair loss can be widespread (alopecia totalis).
  • Typical Treatment: Steroid injections, topical immunotherapy, or newer biologic treatments.

36. Pemphigus Vulgaris

  • What It Is: A rare, serious autoimmune blistering disease affecting skin and mucous membranes.
  • Common Symptoms: Painful, flaccid blisters and erosions in the mouth first, and then on the skin.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to significant pain, infection risk, and dehydration if mouth is severely affected.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, and careful wound care.

37. Bullous Pemphigoid

  • What It Is: An autoimmune blistering disorder seen more often in older adults.
  • Common Symptoms: Large, tense blisters typically on the torso, inner thighs, or arms, with possible itching.
  • Why It Matters: Less severe than pemphigus vulgaris but can still be painful and prone to infection.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, and supportive skin care.

38. Dermatitis Herpetiformis

  • What It Is: An intensely itchy rash associated with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.
  • Common Symptoms: Groups of small blisters on elbows, knees, buttocks, or back that burn or itch severely.
  • Why It Matters: Chronic itching can cause skin damage and infections; linked to gluten intolerance.
  • Typical Treatment: Dapsone medication and a strict gluten-free diet.

39. Psoriatic Nail Disease

  • What It Is: Immune-driven changes in the nails of people with psoriasis.
  • Common Symptoms: Nail pitting (small depressions), thickening, discoloration, crumbling, or separation from the nail bed.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect hand function and cause discomfort.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical or injectable steroids, systemic psoriasis treatments, and nail care.

40. Raynaud’s Phenomenon (Secondary)

  • What It Is: Spasms in small blood vessels of fingers/toes, often secondary to autoimmune conditions like scleroderma.
  • Common Symptoms: Fingers/toes turning white or blue in cold or stress, then red when circulation returns, causing numbness or tingling.
  • Why It Matters: Frequent episodes can damage tissues over time.
  • Typical Treatment: Avoid cold, use warm gloves, and possibly calcium channel blockers or vasodilators.

41. Addison’s Disease with Other Autoimmune Conditions (Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome)

  • What It Is: Multiple endocrine gland failures due to autoimmune attacks (e.g., adrenals, thyroid, pancreas).
  • Common Symptoms: Vary by gland—may include Addison’s signs, thyroid dysfunction, or type 1 diabetes.
  • Why It Matters: Requires careful monitoring and replacement of multiple hormones.
  • Typical Treatment: Combined hormone therapies and regular endocrine evaluations.

42. Autoimmune Pancreatitis

  • What It Is: Immune-mediated inflammation of the pancreas, mimicking pancreatic cancer.
  • Common Symptoms: Abdominal pain, jaundice (if bile duct is blocked), elevated pancreas enzymes, and sometimes weight loss.
  • Why It Matters: Can cause irreversible pancreatic damage if not addressed.
  • Typical Treatment: Corticosteroids can quickly improve symptoms and imaging findings.

43. Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s Disease)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune attack on the optic nerves and spinal cord.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden vision loss in one or both eyes, weakness or numbness in the legs or arms, potential paralysis, bladder issues.
  • Why It Matters: Often mistaken for multiple sclerosis but requires different treatment.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, plasma exchange.

44. Chronic Urticaria (Autoimmune)

  • What It Is: Persistent hives lasting over six weeks, sometimes due to an autoimmune trigger.
  • Common Symptoms: Red, raised, itchy welts on the skin; can come and go in flares.
  • Why It Matters: Can significantly disrupt daily life if itching is severe; watch for swelling (angioedema).
  • Typical Treatment: Antihistamines, omalizumab (biologic), and sometimes immunosuppressants.

45. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s)

  • What It Is: A type of vasculitis causing inflammation in small to medium blood vessels, mainly in the respiratory tract and kidneys.
  • Common Symptoms: Chronic sinusitis, nosebleeds, breathing difficulties, coughing (possibly with blood), and kidney problems.
  • Why It Matters: Can quickly damage lungs and kidneys.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids + cyclophosphamide or rituximab).

46. Microscopic Polyangiitis

  • What It Is: Small-vessel vasculitis similar to GPA but without granulomas.
  • Common Symptoms: Kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis), lung issues like coughing blood, skin lesions, and nerve problems.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to organ failure if not treated aggressively.
  • Typical Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and close monitoring.

47. Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)

  • What It Is: Vasculitis associated with high eosinophils, typically in patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis.
  • Common Symptoms: Asthma that worsens over time, sinusitis, skin rashes, nerve pain, and lung infiltrates.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect multiple organs, especially lungs and skin.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics targeting eosinophils.

48. Behçet’s Disease

  • What It Is: A vasculitis causing widespread inflammation of blood vessels.
  • Common Symptoms: Painful mouth and genital ulcers, eye inflammation (uveitis), skin lesions, and joint pain.
  • Why It Matters: Eye involvement can lead to vision loss if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: Anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapy, colchicine for ulcers, and close eye monitoring.

49. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)

  • What It Is: An overlap syndrome with features of lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis, plus high anti-U1 RNP antibodies.
  • Common Symptoms: Raynaud’s phenomenon, swollen hands, joint pain, muscle weakness, and sometimes facial rash.
  • Why It Matters: Can affect multiple organs similar to lupus or scleroderma.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, and careful monitoring of organ function.

50. Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD)

  • What It Is: A condition with autoimmune symptoms but not meeting full criteria for a specific diagnosis.
  • Common Symptoms: Joint pain, mild rashes, fatigue, and positive autoantibodies.
  • Why It Matters: Can evolve into a more defined autoimmune disease or remain stable.
  • Typical Treatment: Symptomatic management (NSAIDs, low-dose steroids), regular follow-up.

51. Autoimmune Neutropenia

  • What It Is: Autoantibodies target neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.
  • Common Symptoms: Frequent infections, mouth ulcers, fevers, or sore throats.
  • Why It Matters: Severe neutropenia increases susceptibility to bacterial infections.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressants or growth factors (G-CSF) to stimulate neutrophil production.

52. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

  • What It Is: An autoimmune disorder impairing nerve-to-muscle signaling, often linked to small cell lung cancer.
  • Common Symptoms: Muscle weakness starting in the legs, difficulty climbing stairs, and sometimes dry mouth or erectile dysfunction.
  • Why It Matters: Early detection can reveal underlying cancer; muscle weakness can worsen without treatment.
  • Typical Treatment: Treating any malignancy, immunotherapies, and medications like amifampridine.

53. Myasthenia Gravis

  • What It Is: Autoantibodies block signals between nerves and muscles.
  • Common Symptoms: Muscle weakness that worsens with activity, drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing or speaking.
  • Why It Matters: Can progress to life-threatening respiratory weakness.
  • Typical Treatment: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, steroids, IVIG, or plasmapheresis for severe cases.

54. Polymyalgia Rheumatica with Giant Cell Arteritis

  • What It Is: Some individuals with polymyalgia rheumatica also develop giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis).
  • Common Symptoms: Severe headache, jaw pain while chewing, vision changes, scalp tenderness, and PMR-like muscle stiffness.
  • Why It Matters: GCA can cause permanent blindness if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose corticosteroids urgently to prevent vision loss.

55. Autoimmune Encephalitis (including Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis)

  • What It Is: Immune system attacks parts of the brain, often receptors important for neural signaling.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden changes in personality, confusion, memory loss, seizures, and sometimes hallucinations.
  • Why It Matters: Rapid treatment is crucial for recovery; can be life-threatening.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressive medications, IVIG, plasmapheresis, sometimes tumor removal if paraneoplastic.

56. Transverse Myelitis

  • What It Is: Inflammation across one segment of the spinal cord.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden back pain, muscle weakness or paralysis below the affected area, sensory changes, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
  • Why It Matters: Can cause long-term disability if severe and not treated quickly.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, plasma exchange, physical rehabilitation.

57. Stiff-Person Syndrome

  • What It Is: A rare autoimmune neurological condition causing severe muscle rigidity and spasms.
  • Common Symptoms: Muscle stiffness in the trunk and limbs, sensitivity to noise or touch causing spasms, and postural problems.
  • Why It Matters: Falls and injuries can occur due to intense spasms; can be linked to diabetes or cancer.
  • Typical Treatment: Muscle relaxants, benzodiazepines, IVIG, or plasmapheresis.

58. Autoimmune Retinopathy

  • What It Is: Autoantibodies damage the retina, leading to vision loss.
  • Common Symptoms: Difficulty seeing at night, reduced color vision, blind spots, or progressive vision decline.
  • Why It Matters: Early intervention can help preserve sight.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressive therapy, IVIG, or steroid injections.

59. Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease

  • What It Is: Immune attack on inner ear structures, causing hearing and balance problems.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden or progressive hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing), vertigo or dizziness.
  • Why It Matters: Prompt treatment may save hearing.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, hearing aids, or cochlear implants in severe cases.

60. Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis)

  • What It Is: Large-vessel vasculitis typically in older adults, affecting arteries around the scalp.
  • Common Symptoms: Throbbing headache (often temple area), jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, possible blurred vision.
  • Why It Matters: Urgent treatment prevents blindness.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids right away.

61. Takayasu Arteritis

  • What It Is: Inflammation of the aorta and its branches, often in younger women.
  • Common Symptoms: Diminished pulses (pulseless disease), arm/leg fatigue, difference in blood pressure between arms, chest pain.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to narrowing of major blood vessels and organ ischemia.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, and sometimes angioplasty or bypass surgery.

62. Kawasaki Disease

  • What It Is: An autoimmune-like disease mainly in children under 5, causing blood vessel inflammation.
  • Common Symptoms: High fever for 5+ days, red eyes, cracked lips, “strawberry tongue,” swollen hands/feet, rash, and neck lymph node swelling.
  • Why It Matters: Can damage coronary arteries without treatment.
  • Typical Treatment: IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin to prevent heart complications.

63. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

  • What It Is: Small-vessel vasculitis causing IgA immune complexes to deposit in blood vessels.
  • Common Symptoms: Reddish-purple spots on buttocks or legs, joint pain, abdominal pain, bloody urine.
  • Why It Matters: Usually self-limiting, but kidney involvement can be serious.
  • Typical Treatment: Pain management, hydration, and immunosuppressants in severe kidney cases.

64. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

  • What It Is: A serious autoimmune condition with low platelets, hemolytic anemia, and possible organ damage.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden bruising, tiny red spots (petechiae), fatigue, confusion, and neurological symptoms.
  • Why It Matters: Can be fatal if not treated quickly.
  • Typical Treatment: Plasma exchange, steroids, and sometimes immunosuppressive drugs.

65. Cold Agglutinin Disease

  • What It Is: Autoantibodies cause red blood cells to clump at low temperatures, leading to anemia.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, pallor, dark urine, and numb fingers/toes in cold weather.
  • Why It Matters: Hemolysis (breaking down RBCs) is worsened by cold exposure.
  • Typical Treatment: Keeping warm, immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., rituximab).

66. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

  • What It Is: A rare disorder causing red blood cells to break down from complement system defects.
  • Common Symptoms: Dark or reddish urine (often in the morning), fatigue, easy bruising, blood clots.
  • Why It Matters: Clot risk can be life-threatening.
  • Typical Treatment: Monoclonal antibody therapy (eculizumab), blood thinners, and supportive care.

67. Evans Syndrome

  • What It Is: Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells and platelets (combination of AIHA + ITP).
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue (from anemia), easy bruising or bleeding (from low platelets).
  • Why It Matters: Fluctuating blood counts can be difficult to manage.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, IVIG, immunosuppressants.

68. Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS)

  • What It Is: A genetic defect in cell death regulation leading to overproduction of lymphocytes and autoimmune issues.
  • Common Symptoms: Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, and autoimmune blood cell problems (anemia, low platelets).
  • Why It Matters: Increased lymphoma risk; requires lifelong monitoring.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressants, close blood count monitoring, and sometimes splenectomy.

69. Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis

  • What It Is: Chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, leading to atrophy and sometimes intestinal-type changes.
  • Common Symptoms: Indigestion, bloating, vitamin B12 deficiency (fatigue, nerve issues).
  • Why It Matters: May raise the risk of gastric cancer.
  • Typical Treatment: Vitamin supplementation, endoscopic surveillance, and managing related autoimmune conditions.

70. Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis (Variant)

  • What It Is: Similar to metaplastic atrophic gastritis, with immune-mediated stomach lining damage.
  • Common Symptoms: Reduced stomach acid, B12 deficiency, abdominal discomfort.
  • Why It Matters: Over time, can lead to pernicious anemia and malabsorption.
  • Typical Treatment: B12 supplements, monitoring for changes in gastric lining.

71. Primary Axial Spondyloarthritis (Non-radiographic)

  • What It Is: A form of inflammatory back pain without visible X-ray damage.
  • Common Symptoms: Persistent low back pain and stiffness, especially at rest, improving with movement.
  • Why It Matters: Early inflammation may later show changes on imaging.
  • Typical Treatment: NSAIDs, physical therapy, biologics if severe.

72. Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s Syndrome)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune-like reaction after certain infections (GI, urinary, etc.).
  • Common Symptoms: Arthritis, uveitis (eye inflammation), and urethritis. Some also get skin lesions on palms/soles.
  • Why It Matters: Flare-ups can be painful; chronic forms can cause joint damage.
  • Typical Treatment: NSAIDs, antibiotics (if infection persists), immunosuppressants for severe cases.

73. Goodpasture Syndrome (Anti-GBM Disease)

  • What It Is: Autoimmune antibodies target lung and kidney membranes.
  • Common Symptoms: Coughing up blood, shortness of breath, and kidney problems (blood in urine, swelling).
  • Why It Matters: Rapidly progressive, can lead to kidney failure and severe lung issues if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, plasma exchange.

74. IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)

  • What It Is: Immune complexes deposit in the kidneys, causing inflammation.
  • Common Symptoms: Blood in the urine (especially after infections), proteinuria, and high blood pressure in later stages.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to chronic kidney disease if not monitored.
  • Typical Treatment: Blood pressure control (ACE inhibitors), immunosuppressants in severe cases.

75. Lupus Nephritis

  • What It Is: Kidney inflammation as part of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
  • Common Symptoms: Swollen legs/ankles, foamy urine (proteinuria), high blood pressure, and SLE features like joint pain or rashes.
  • Why It Matters: Can cause permanent kidney damage without prompt treatment.
  • Typical Treatment: Aggressive immunosuppression (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or mycophenolate mofetil).

76. Autoimmune Myocarditis

  • What It Is: Inflammation of the heart muscle, triggered by an immune response.
  • Common Symptoms: Chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, fatigue, and sometimes fainting.
  • Why It Matters: Can weaken the heart and lead to heart failure or arrhythmias.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, and supportive cardiac care.

77. Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

  • What It Is: Immune complexes that precipitate in colder temperatures, often linked to hepatitis C.
  • Common Symptoms: Skin rash (purpura), joint pain, kidney issues, and numbness in extremities.
  • Why It Matters: Can damage organs and cause vasculitis.
  • Typical Treatment: Treat underlying infection (if present), plus immunosuppressants.

78. Eosinophilic Fasciitis (Shulman’s Syndrome)

  • What It Is: Inflammation and thickening of the fascia (connective tissue beneath the skin).
  • Common Symptoms: Swelling, tightness in arms/legs, “orange peel” texture on the skin, and limited joint mobility.
  • Why It Matters: Can restrict movement and mimic scleroderma.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, physical therapy.

79. Linear Scleroderma (Localized)

  • What It Is: A localized form of scleroderma appearing in bands or streaks of hardened skin, often on limbs or forehead.
  • Common Symptoms: Tight, shiny patches of skin, sometimes affecting underlying tissues or bone growth in children.
  • Why It Matters: Can impact limb growth or facial symmetry if on the face.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical or systemic immunosuppressants, physical therapy to maintain mobility.

80. Morphea (Localized Scleroderma)

  • What It Is: Scleroderma limited to distinct patches of skin, causing thickening and discoloration.
  • Common Symptoms: Hard, oval, or roundish areas of skin—shiny in appearance, may have a violet border.
  • Why It Matters: Usually less severe than systemic scleroderma but can cause cosmetic concerns or tightness.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical steroids, phototherapy, or immunomodulators.

81. Autoimmune Orchitis

  • What It Is: Inflammation of the testicles due to autoimmune activity.
  • Common Symptoms: Testicular pain, swelling, tenderness, and possible fertility issues.
  • Why It Matters: Chronic damage can lead to reduced fertility or hormonal imbalances.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids or immunosuppressants, plus pain management.

82. Autoimmune Oophoritis

  • What It Is: Autoimmune inflammation of the ovaries.
  • Common Symptoms: Irregular menstrual cycles, signs of estrogen deficiency (hot flashes), and potential infertility.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to premature ovarian failure if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: Hormone replacement therapy, immunosuppressants.

83. Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis

  • What It Is: Skin reactions triggered by the body’s own progesterone, often linked to menstrual cycle.
  • Common Symptoms: Rashes, hives, or eczema-like lesions that flare before menstruation.
  • Why It Matters: Can cause distress due to cyclical itching or discomfort.
  • Typical Treatment: Hormone manipulation (oral contraceptives) or immunosuppressants.

84. Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis

  • What It Is: Autoimmune inflammation of the limbic system (brain regions controlling emotion and memory).
  • Common Symptoms: Rapid-onset mood changes, memory problems, confusion, seizures, possible hallucinations.
  • Why It Matters: Can escalate quickly to severe neurological dysfunction.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, IVIG or plasmapheresis, and treating any underlying tumors if paraneoplastic.

85. Relapsing Polychondritis

  • What It Is: Autoimmune attack on cartilage, especially in ears, nose, and sometimes airways.
  • Common Symptoms: Painful, swollen ears (ear lobes usually spared), nose tenderness, breathing difficulties if trachea is involved.
  • Why It Matters: Chronic inflammation can damage cartilage, causing deformities like a “saddle nose.”
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, close monitoring for airway involvement.

86. Sweet’s Syndrome (Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis)

  • What It Is: A condition marked by fever and tender skin lesions, often linked to autoimmune disorders or malignancies.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden onset of painful, red-to-purple bumps (plaques) on face, neck, or arms. Fever and fatigue are common.
  • Why It Matters: Can indicate an underlying condition that needs attention.
  • Typical Treatment: Corticosteroids dramatically reduce inflammation.

87. Pyoderma Gangrenosum

  • What It Is: A rare, inflammatory skin disorder often linked to IBD or arthritis.
  • Common Symptoms: Painful, rapidly enlarging ulcers with a blue-to-purple border, typically on the legs.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to large open wounds, pain, and infection risk.
  • Typical Treatment: Wound care, steroids, immunosuppressants, and sometimes biologics.

88. IgG4-Related Disease

  • What It Is: A systemic condition with high IgG4 antibodies causing inflammation and fibrosis in various organs (e.g., pancreas, bile ducts, salivary glands).
  • Common Symptoms: Dependent on organ involvement—can include painless swelling of glands, jaundice, or organ dysfunction.
  • Why It Matters: Often mimics cancer; untreated, can damage affected organs.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, and organ-specific care.

89. Juvenile Dermatomyositis

  • What It Is: An inflammatory muscle disease in children, similar to adult dermatomyositis.
  • Common Symptoms: Muscle weakness (difficulty climbing stairs or lifting arms), rash over joints or eyelids, fatigue.
  • Why It Matters: Early treatment is crucial to prevent muscle damage and growth problems.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, physical therapy, and sun protection.

90. Mooren’s Ulcer

  • What It Is: A rare autoimmune ulceration of the cornea (front part of the eye).
  • Common Symptoms: Severe eye pain, redness, tearing, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light.
  • Why It Matters: Can progress to threaten vision if not treated.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressive eye drops, systemic steroids, or surgery (corneal graft).

91. Membranous Nephropathy

  • What It Is: Immune complexes deposit in kidney filters, causing protein leakage into urine.
  • Common Symptoms: Swelling in legs/ankles (edema), foamy urine, potential high blood pressure.
  • Why It Matters: Chronic protein loss can lead to kidney damage.
  • Typical Treatment: Blood pressure control, diuretics, immunosuppressants in severe cases.

92. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, Some Forms)

  • What It Is: Scarring in parts of the kidney’s filtering units, sometimes due to autoimmune causes.
  • Common Symptoms: Proteinuria, edema, fatigue, possible high blood pressure.
  • Why It Matters: Can progress to chronic kidney disease.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, blood pressure management, and supportive therapy.

93. Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy

  • What It Is: Autoantibodies disrupt the autonomic nervous system, affecting body functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
  • Common Symptoms: Dizziness upon standing, gut motility problems (constipation or diarrhea), urinary retention, dry mouth.
  • Why It Matters: Can significantly impact daily life and cause fainting (syncope).
  • Typical Treatment: IVIG, plasma exchange, immunosuppressants, and symptomatic management.

94. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) (Possible Autoimmune Basis)

  • What It Is: A dysautonomia where the heart rate rises excessively upon standing; some cases show autoimmune markers.
  • Common Symptoms: Dizziness, rapid heartbeat, fatigue, brain fog, fainting, especially when upright.
  • Why It Matters: Can hinder daily activities, leading to falls or anxiety about standing.
  • Typical Treatment: Increased salt/fluid intake, compression stockings, medications (beta-blockers), and in some cases, IVIG or immunotherapy.

95. Pemphigus Foliaceus

  • What It Is: A milder form of pemphigus causing superficial skin blisters that easily rupture.
  • Common Symptoms: Crusty or scaly sores, often on the scalp, face, or upper torso. Rarely involves mucous membranes.
  • Why It Matters: Can cause significant discomfort and open areas susceptible to infection.
  • Typical Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, careful skin hygiene.

96. Pemphigus Vegetans

  • What It Is: A subtype of pemphigus with wart-like lesions in skin folds (armpits, groin).
  • Common Symptoms: Thick, heaped-up sores prone to fissures and secondary infection.
  • Why It Matters: Pain and risk of infection can be high in body folds.
  • Typical Treatment: Similar to other pemphigus forms—steroids, immunosuppressants.

97. Pemphigus Erythematosus (Senear-Usher Syndrome)

  • What It Is: An overlap of pemphigus foliaceus and lupus, mainly affecting the face.
  • Common Symptoms: Rash similar to a lupus butterfly rash, superficial blistering or crusting.
  • Why It Matters: Photosensitivity can worsen lesions; some systemic lupus features may appear.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical or systemic steroids, immunosuppressants, sun protection.

98. Scleredema Adultorum

  • What It Is: A rare condition causing thickening and hardening of the skin, often on the upper back, neck, and shoulders.
  • Common Symptoms: Skin feels woody or stiff; can limit mobility. Sometimes linked to diabetes or infections.
  • Why It Matters: Can restrict movements and may be mistaken for scleroderma.
  • Typical Treatment: Physical therapy, managing underlying conditions, possible immunosuppressive therapy.

99. Erythema Nodosum

  • What It Is: An inflammatory skin condition causing painful, red nodules, typically on the shins.
  • Common Symptoms: Tender bumps that may bruise over time, fever, joint pain.
  • Why It Matters: May be related to infections, IBD, or other autoimmune diseases.
  • Typical Treatment: Rest, anti-inflammatory medications, treating underlying causes.

100. Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy

  • What It Is: Severe muscle inflammation leading to widespread muscle fiber death.
  • Common Symptoms: Marked muscle weakness (especially in the thighs, hips), high muscle enzymes, difficulty swallowing if throat muscles are affected.
  • Why It Matters: Rapid progression can cause significant disability.
  • Typical Treatment: High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, and aggressive physical therapy.

101. Scleromyxedema

  • What It Is: A rare disorder involving mucin deposits in the skin, leading to waxy thickening.
  • Common Symptoms: Widespread, small papules (bumps) on face and trunk, stiff skin, and potential systemic issues (muscle pain, nerve problems).
  • Why It Matters: Can affect movement and organ function.
  • Typical Treatment: IVIG, steroids, or other immunomodulatory therapy.

102. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)

  • What It Is: An auto-inflammatory bone disease typically in children, causing repeated bone inflammation.
  • Common Symptoms: Bone pain, swelling (often in the long bones or spine), fevers, and fatigue.
  • Why It Matters: Recurrent flares can lead to bone deformities.
  • Typical Treatment: NSAIDs, bisphosphonates, or biologics if severe.

103. Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis (APD)

  • What It Is: A reaction to one’s own progesterone hormone, causing cyclical skin flares.
  • Common Symptoms: Rashes, hives, or blisters appearing before menstruation, clearing afterward.
  • Why It Matters: Can be very uncomfortable and disrupt daily life monthly.
  • Typical Treatment: Hormonal therapy (oral contraceptives) or immunosuppression.

104. Ormond’s Disease (Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis)

  • What It Is: Fibrous tissue develops in the retroperitoneum (around the kidneys and aorta), possibly immune-related.
  • Common Symptoms: Flank or back pain, kidney issues if ureters are compressed, leg swelling.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to kidney failure or obstruction if untreated.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids, immunosuppressants, and sometimes surgical intervention.

105. Castleman Disease (Some Variants)

  • What It Is: A rare lymph node disorder with immune dysregulation.
  • Common Symptoms: Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, night sweats, fatigue.
  • Why It Matters: Certain types can act like lymphoma; early detection is vital.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppressants, monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab), or surgery to remove affected nodes.

106. IgG4-Related Dacryoadenitis and Sialadenitis

  • What It Is: Part of IgG4-related disease, causing swelling in tear (lacrimal) and salivary glands.
  • Common Symptoms: Painless lumps near eyes, dry eyes, dry mouth, possible facial swelling.
  • Why It Matters: Can be mistaken for tumors or infections; timely treatment prevents organ damage.
  • Typical Treatment: Glucocorticoids (steroids) and other immunosuppressants.

107. Autoimmune Encephalopathy (Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome – PANS/PANDAS)

  • What It Is: Proposed autoimmune reactions in children following infections (often strep) or environmental triggers.
  • Common Symptoms: Sudden onset of OCD, tics, anxiety, regression in school performance, irritability.
  • Why It Matters: Early intervention can help control neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • Typical Treatment: Antibiotics (if strep involved), IVIG, anti-inflammatory measures, and behavioral therapy.

108. Eosinophilic Esophagitis

  • What It Is: An allergic/immune-mediated inflammation of the esophagus.
  • Common Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, food getting stuck (dysphagia), heartburn, chest pain.
  • Why It Matters: Chronic inflammation can lead to esophageal narrowing.
  • Typical Treatment: Elimination diet (identify trigger foods), topical steroids, acid suppression.

109. Parry-Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy)

  • What It Is: A rare condition causing progressive shrinkage of facial tissues on one side.
  • Common Symptoms: Gradual thinning of the skin, fat, and sometimes muscle/bone on the affected side of the face.
  • Why It Matters: May impact appearance, dental alignment, and vision if severe.
  • Typical Treatment: Immunosuppression to slow progression, reconstructive surgery.

110. Schnitzler Syndrome

  • What It Is: A chronic auto-inflammatory condition characterized by hives, fever, bone pain, and elevated IgM.
  • Common Symptoms: Recurrent urticaria (hives), joint pain, fatigue, night sweats, and sometimes enlarged lymph nodes.
  • Why It Matters: Persistent inflammation can affect quality of life; can be linked to other conditions.
  • Typical Treatment: IL-1 inhibitors (e.g., anakinra) are often very effective.

111. Autoimmune Hepatitis – Type 2 (LKM Antibody Positive)

  • What It Is: A subtype of autoimmune hepatitis, often affecting children/young adults, with liver-kidney microsomal (LKM) antibodies.
  • Common Symptoms: Fatigue, jaundice, nausea, abdominal pain, and high liver enzymes.
  • Why It Matters: Chronic inflammation can lead to cirrhosis.
  • Typical Treatment: Steroids and immunosuppressants (azathioprine).

112. Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus

  • What It Is: A lupus subtype primarily affecting the skin with lesions exacerbated by sunlight.
  • Common Symptoms: Ring-shaped or psoriasis-like lesions on sun-exposed areas, mild systemic involvement possible.
  • Why It Matters: Can scar if untreated and may overlap with systemic lupus.
  • Typical Treatment: Sun protection, topical steroids, hydroxychloroquine if needed.

113. Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

  • What It Is: A chronic skin form of lupus causing disc-shaped, scarring lesions.
  • Common Symptoms: Red, scaly plaques on the face, scalp, or ears, possible hair loss if it affects the scalp.
  • Why It Matters: Scarring can be permanent; some patients may develop systemic lupus.
  • Typical Treatment: Topical/ intralesional steroids, sun avoidance, hydroxychloroquine for resistant cases.

114. Eosinophilic Granuloma of Bone (Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Variant)

  • What It Is: A disorder where immune cells form granulomas in bones (often in children).
  • Common Symptoms: Bone pain, swelling, fractures, possibly fever or fatigue if widespread.
  • Why It Matters: Can mimic infections or cancer; may be isolated or part of multi-system disease.
  • Typical Treatment: Surgical curettage, steroids, chemotherapy or radiation in more severe cases.

115. Autoimmune Atrophic Rhinitis

  • What It Is: Chronic inflammation causing thinning and atrophy of nasal tissue.
  • Common Symptoms: Nasal congestion, crusting, foul odor, nosebleeds, loss of smell.
  • Why It Matters: Can lead to a widened nasal cavity and chronic infections.
  • Typical Treatment: Saline irrigation, antibiotics for infections, possible immunosuppression.

116. Autoimmune Blistering (Overlap Syndromes)

  • What It Is: Patients show combined features of pemphigus and pemphigoid (or other variants).
  • Common Symptoms: Blistering and erosions on skin/mucous membranes with patterns from multiple conditions.
  • Why It Matters: Diagnosis is complex; untreated, it can severely affect quality of life.
  • Typical Treatment: Tailored immunosuppressive regimens (steroids, rituximab, etc.) based on specific antibodies.

117. ASIA Syndrome (Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants)

  • What It Is: A proposed umbrella term for autoimmune conditions triggered by adjuvants (in vaccines, implants, etc.).
  • Common Symptoms: Vary greatly—can include joint pain, fatigue, “brain fog,” muscle aches, or skin reactions.
  • Why It Matters: Controversial but recognized in some patients; important to rule out other causes.
  • Typical Treatment: Removing the suspected trigger if possible, plus immunomodulatory therapies.

118. Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy (AAN)

  • What It Is: Autoantibodies attack autonomic nerves, disrupting body functions like heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, and temperature control.
  • Common Symptoms: Dizziness/fainting upon standing, abnormal sweating, fluctuating blood pressure, digestive problems.
  • Why It Matters: Can significantly impair quality of life and lead to dangerous drops in blood pressure.
  • Typical Treatment: IVIG, plasma exchange, immunosuppressants, and management of specific symptoms (e.g., salt tablets, compression stockings).

Key Takeaways for Patients

If you suspect an autoimmune condition, consult a healthcare professional to discuss diagnostic tests, possible treatment options, and a plan tailored to your unique needs.

Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly targets the body’s own tissues or organs, leading to chronic inflammation and a wide range of symptoms.

Recognizing early warning signs—such as persistent fatigue, joint pain, unusual rashes, or organ dysfunction—can ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Most autoimmune diseases have effective therapies, from lifestyle changes and over-the-counter treatments to specialized immunosuppressive medications or biologics.

Disclaimer: This information is educational and should not replace personalized medical advice. If you are experiencing concerning symptoms, please seek evaluation from a qualified healthcare provider.